• Paras Nath Mishra

A mobile ad-hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes that may connect without the need of fixed infrastructure; because of this, it is vulnerable to different assaults. The black hole attack is a dangerous security issue that increases network overhead and disrupts normal network operation; under such situations, the TAODV routing protocol is preferred. TAODV (Trust Based Ad-hoc Network) is utilized in this study to analyze various traffic patterns such as CBR, Exponential, and Pareto. Indoor shadowing is utilized as a propagation environment, and various Quality of Services are observed (QoS). A black hole is a region of space-time where gravity is so strong that nothing can escape it, including particles and electromagnetic radiation like light. A sufficiently compact mass can deform space-time to form a black hole, according to general relativity theory. The event horizon is the point at which there is no way out. Although it has a huge impact on the fate and circumstances of an object passing through it, it has no locally detectable features, according to general relativity. A black hole is similar to an ideal black body in that it does not reflect light. Furthermore, in curved space-time, quantum field theory predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation, which has the same spectrum as a black body with a temperature that is inversely proportional to its mass. For black holes of stellar mass, this temperature is on the order of billionths of a Kelvin, making direct observation nearly impossible. Objects with gravitational fields that are too strong for light to escape were first considered by John Michel and Pierre-Simon Laplace in the 18th century. Karl Schwarzschild discovered the first modern solution of general relativity that would characterize a black hole in 1916, and David Finkelstein published the first interpretation of it as a region of space from which nothing can escape in 1958. Black holes were once thought to be a mathematical curiosity; theoretical work in the 1960s revealed that they were a generic prediction of general relativity. Jocelyn Bell Brunel’s discovery of neutron stars in 1967 piqued interest in gravitationally collapsed compact objects as a possible astrophysical reality. Cygnus X-1 was the first known black hole, discovered in 1971 by several researchers independently.

MANET, TAODV, Mobility Model, Shadowing and Gauss Markov Mobility.

"In MANET, A Trust-Based Mechanism Using The AODV Protocol Is Used To Prevent Black-Hole Attacks.", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.6, Issue 1, page no.341-345, January-2019, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIRFT06066.pdf

"In MANET, A Trust-Based Mechanism Using The AODV Protocol Is Used To Prevent Black-Hole Attacks.", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.6, Issue 1, page no. pp341-345, January-2019, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIRFT06066.pdf