• Pritpal Singh
• Simarpreet Kaur

Unlike traditional wireless radios, which operate on fixed frequencies allocated by regulatory bodies, cognitive radios possess the capability to autonomously sense and utilize underutilized or unused spectrum bands opportunistically, thereby significantly enhancing spectrum efficiency. This ability enables cognitive radios to mitigate spectrum scarcity issues, maximize spectral utilization, and alleviate interference concerns. Furthermore, cognitive radios can intelligently adjust parameters such as modulation schemes, transmit power, and routing protocols in real-time based on dynamic spectrum access policies and network conditions, thereby optimizing performance and ensuring reliable communication. In essence, cognitive radio technology empowers wireless networks with cognitive intelligence, enabling them to operate more flexibly, efficiently, and adaptively compared to traditional wireless radios. This study has been undertaken to discuss the Cognitive radio networks characteristics and to represents a transformative advancement in wireless communication systems, leveraging intelligent algorithms and software-defined capabilities to dynamically adapt to varying environmental conditions and user requirements.

Battery life, Cognitive Radio, Energy Harvester, Spectrum Access, Spectrum Scarcity.

"Overview of Cognitive Radio Networks", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.11, Issue 3, page no.h318-h324, March-2024, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2403743.pdf

"Overview of Cognitive Radio Networks", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.11, Issue 3, page no. pph318-h324, March-2024, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2403743.pdf