• Pragya Bohra
• Anil Vyas
• Dr. S.K. Singh

Two thirds of the world’s populations currently live in areas that experience water scarcity for at least one month a year. The whole world is concerned for the availability of clean and potable water. Most of the available water is saline and is not potable. Water supplies are running out of the actual water needs of the society. Therefore, Rajasthan faces acute water crisis. The great Indian Thar Desert covers where extremely arid and dry climate conditions prevail, receiving 5 mm to 20 mm annual rainfall, making Ground water centralized source of drinking water. Groundwater is deeper and contains high mineral concentrated chemicals which makes the water unfit to drink. Unfortunately, the groundwater quality in a large number of districts is not according prescribed standards. Rajasthan is the only state where all most all the districts are affected by high fluoride (beyond the permissible limit). In 23 districts the fluorosis problem can be visualized at various intensity level i.e. Dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, nonskeletal manifestation etc.Various Technologies have been developed so far for deflouridation. Many Reverse osmosis plants have been installed in Rajasthan for removal of fluoride from ground water. But, it is associated with high power consumption, scaling and fouling of membranes and reduced water recovery. This sets up a need for more energy efficient device with less maintenance and operational cost with overcoming shortcomings of reverse osmosis. Membrane capacitive deionization is the emerging technology which utilizes constant current method with varying voltage to remove salts from underground water. The pilot plant (CapDI) manufactured by Voltea (Netherland) was provided by InNow India Pvt. Ltd for carrying out this study. It was found that Capacitive deionization technique is very efficient in removal of low salinity feed water sources. Energy consumption is quite low approximately only 20 to 30% of energy utilized by reverse osmosis. And flow recovery rate of CapDI plant is also high than reverse osmosis plant.

Fluoride, Membrane capacitive deionization, Reverse Osmosis

"Comparative Study of Membrane Capacitive Deionization Technology and Reverse Osmosis for Fluoride Removal from Water", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.4, Issue 11, page no.770-773, December-2017, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1711130.pdf

"Comparative Study of Membrane Capacitive Deionization Technology and Reverse Osmosis for Fluoride Removal from Water", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.4, Issue 11, page no. pp770-773, December-2017, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1711130.pdf