• Sonika Kumari
• Anand Shubhra
• Ambika Prasad
• Kavita kumar
• Archana Tiwari

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision-loss globally now days bright eye are a deep subject in this new fashioned world. There are many disease which cause complications and leading to blindness. Of an estimated 285 million people with diabetes mellitus worldwide, approximately one third have signs of DR and of these, a further one third of DR is vision-threatening DR, including diabetic macular edema (DME). The identification of established modifiable risk factors for DR such as hyperglycemia and hypertension has provided the basis for risk factor control in preventing onset and progression of DR. Additional research investigating novel risk factors has improved our understanding of multiple biological pathways involved in the pathogenesis of DR and DME, especially those involved in inflammation and oxidative stress. Variations in DR prevalence between populations have also sparked interest in genetic studies to identify loci associated with disease susceptibility. One of which is known as diabetic retinopathy that occurs in a patient suffering from diabetes mellitus due to excessive glucose stress in the eye as a result of which, the retinal microvasculature that are responsible for proper blood flow in the four quadrants of the eyes and provide nutrients and proper oxygen supply to it and also act as a blood retinal barrier that protects the retina by excluding circulating molecular toxins, microorganisms, and pro-inflammatory leukocytes gets blocked. New blood vessel formation is quite different from angiogenesis and known as neovascularization. Neovascularization is a key process for causing diabetic retinopathy in human eyes. At gene level in case of the pathogenic condition of type 2 diabetic retinopathy, there is deregulation of various genes that are involved in causing pathogenicity. Using gene expression and epigenetic analysis, it has been possible to explore the expression profiling of various gene in the human retinal cell and contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases. Additionally, it is possible to provide the support for the involvement of well-characterized biological molecules, and in this way, there is a chance to identify new players in retinal pathologies. It may lead to new to the design of new biological therapies.

"SCRUTINIZING THE PROCLAMATION OF BDNF GENE IN RETINAL TISSUE LACKING EPITHELIAL LAYER IN CASE OF TYPE 2 DIABETIC RETINOPATHY", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.5, Issue 7, page no.612-616, July-2018, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1807549.pdf

"SCRUTINIZING THE PROCLAMATION OF BDNF GENE IN RETINAL TISSUE LACKING EPITHELIAL LAYER IN CASE OF TYPE 2 DIABETIC RETINOPATHY", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.5, Issue 7, page no. pp612-616, July-2018, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1807549.pdf