• Samuel Opono

This study has been undertaken to examine the challenges of land reform in Sub-Saharan Africa using Economic Theory of Land Rights (ETLR) for critical analysis. ETLR advocates for private land titling as population exerts pressure on land. The assessment is based on the three countries of Botswana, Eritrea and Zimbabwe. In order to critically assess the land reform challenges using ETLR as an approach to land reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa, the study aimed at firstly finding out the reforms which had taken place so far and the stakeholders and actors involved in the reform processes; challenges of implementing the reform policies and the solutions to them. A desk study was conducted on the three different countries. Different literatures on land reforms in Africa from different sources were reviewed. The results show different interests in land. A mixture of private, communal and state land ownerships exist. No country shows purely private, state or customary ownership. The main challenges are: strong attachment to land as identity and as the main means of survival, limited livelihood alternatives, elite dominance, limited government capacity and limited technology. The suggested solutions are: gradualness and flexibility during the reform processes; creation of alternative source of livelihood; building government institutional capacity and transparent and coordinated process of reforms from the planning to implementation phase.

Land policies, Land reforms, Ownership, Challenges and Implementation

"Challenges in the Implementation of Land Reform Policies in Sub-Saharàn Africa. A Comparative Study of Botswana, Eritrea and Zimbabwe", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.7, Issue 12, page no.1166-1196, December-2020, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2012149.pdf

"Challenges in the Implementation of Land Reform Policies in Sub-Saharàn Africa. A Comparative Study of Botswana, Eritrea and Zimbabwe", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.7, Issue 12, page no. pp1166-1196, December-2020, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2012149.pdf