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Published in:

Volume 8 Issue 9
September-2021
eISSN: 2349-5162

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JETIR2109317


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315162

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d173-d185

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Title

ASEER-E-MALTA SHEIKH-UL-HIND MAULANA MAHMUD-UL-HASAN ROLE IN INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT: 1857-1923

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Abstract

The dawn of the 19th century saw the Mughal decline after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 and simultaneously, East India Company emerging as a major political power in India. On the one hand Company shrewdly exploited the internal disunity and discord among the princes of India for their own nefarious ends by playing one prince against the other and by using their enemies against each other, increasing its power and influence in the Indian Sub-Continent. Through the Battle of Plassey 1757 and the Battle of Buxar 1759 the Company secured prestigious victory over the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam. By 1765 the company secured the Grant of Diwani of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and major part of the United Provinces went into their clutches. Oudh was a British ally and Hyderabad was virtually ruled by a British resident. In the south Tipu Sultan 1799 was defeated and his territory was annexed. The Marathas, whose territories were spread deep into north, west, central and eastern India remained no more obstacle to British in their succession and expansion policy after 2nd Maratha War 1803-5. Meanwhile Indian witnessed the bloody revolution in the form of 1857 revolt. It was a prolonged period of armed uprising as well as rebellions against the British Empire particularly in Northern and Central Indian subcontinent. The consequences of the revolt had adverse and deep impact on both Hindu and Muslims in India. As on one hand the British policy of conquest and expansion as their colonial exploitation policy and on the other hand the new ‘Enfield rifle’ created strong animosities among Hindu and Muslims. The revolt of 1857, the partition of Bengal 1905-06, the end of Ottoman Empire through the Balkans and Tripoli 1911-1913 war created a deep impact on Indian Muslims. Circumstances compelled Mahmud-al-Hasan to devote himself for the cause of Islam and India. The British convinced Indians that they were the real rulers of India. Muslims in India considered the British rule as the conspiracy of converting Islam into Christendom. It was during this time when a particular set was emerging within the Indian masses trained in Waliullah tradition which resultantly gave birth to the Islamic politics in India followed by Shah Abdul Aziz(1746-1823) son of Shah Waliullah, the spiritual founder of Islamic Revivalism in the 19th century known as the “Muhammedi Movement” in India issued landmarked fatwa in the history of India giving religious sanction to Indian Muslims to consider British rule as “Dar-al-Harb” and was difficult for Muslim’s to live peacefully thus restoration of “Dar-al-Islam” was an urgent necessity. The first expression in the movement was led by Saiyid Ahmad Barelvi (1786-1831) which was later carried by his disciples Wilayat Ali and Inayat Ali (ulema of sadiqpur) from 1863-1865 as Wahabi Movement basically on the tenent of Shah Waliullah who championed the cause of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity much before the French Revolution, American Liberation and Soviet and even before Karl Marx and Hegal. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan founded Anglo-Oriental College in 1877 for imparting western education to Muslims at Aligarh while on the other hand, Maulna Qasim Nanautawi founded Deoband in 1867 to impart purely religious and spiritual education to Muslims. It was during this period when a prominent intellectual of Deoband became an icon of Indian national movement with the establishment of the Samar-al-Tabariya 1878 and later under new name of Jamiat-ul-Ansar (old boys association) 1909 organized by Mahmud-ul-Hasan and Obaidullah Sindhi, and later “Nizaratul-Maarif” (academy of quranic learning) 1913 by Obaidullah Sindhi in Delhi to promote the ideology of revolutionary ulema of that period. Injustice done to the Turkish and Ottoman Sultan and the division of Muslim countries on account of Tripolar and Balkan War (1911-1913) which not only had an impact on Indian Muslims but also upon Muslims in Spain, Portugal and destructions in the Balkans, Iraq, Syria, Armenia and Hijaz provided fuel to Mahmud-ul-Hasan movement in the form of Silk Letter Conspiracy to dethrone the British rule from India by gaining the support of Muslims from North-West Frontier. Mahmud-al-Hasan through Khilafat Congress program endorsed Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation and Non-Violence method for achieving Independence immediately after his release from Malta prison in 1920 and continued to support every nationalist program which was intended to oust the British. It was during this time that Mahmud-al-Hasan was conferred upon with “Shaikhul Hind” title by the Khilafat Committee and popularly came to be known as Shaikhul Hind Maulana Mahmud-al-Hasan. The main objective of this paper is to acknowledge the contributions of Mahmud-al-Hasan to Indian National Movement by highlighting his political activities and role in the freedom movement of India by mobilizing Indians against the British rule and to awaken the Muslim Masses by giving Quranic verses in its support. The method here used is exploratory and descriptive in nature.

Key Words

Shaikhul Hind Maulana Mahmud-al-Hasan, Indian National Movement, British Rule, Decline of Mughal Dynasty, 1857 Rebellion, Tripoli and Balkan War, Deoband, Anglo-Oriental College Aligarh, Shah Walliullah, Silk Letter Conspiracy, 1920 Malta Prison, Khilafat committee and Non-Cooperation.

Cite This Article

"ASEER-E-MALTA SHEIKH-UL-HIND MAULANA MAHMUD-UL-HASAN ROLE IN INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT: 1857-1923", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.8, Issue 9, page no.d173-d185, September-2021, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2109317.pdf

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2349-5162 | Impact Factor 7.95 Calculate by Google Scholar

An International Scholarly Open Access Journal, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed Journal Impact Factor 7.95 Calculate by Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool, Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Multilanguage Journal Indexing in All Major Database & Metadata, Citation Generator

Cite This Article

"ASEER-E-MALTA SHEIKH-UL-HIND MAULANA MAHMUD-UL-HASAN ROLE IN INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT: 1857-1923", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.8, Issue 9, page no. ppd173-d185, September-2021, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2109317.pdf

Publication Details

Published Paper ID: JETIR2109317
Registration ID: 315162
Published In: Volume 8 | Issue 9 | Year September-2021
DOI (Digital Object Identifier):
Page No: d173-d185
Country: AMU ALIGARH, UTTAR PRADESH, India .
Area: Arts
ISSN Number: 2349-5162
Publisher: IJ Publication


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