• Mrinmayee Vinayak Kale
• Kanica Chugh
• Dr. Pooja Ahuja

Handwritten Signatures fall under the behavioral biometric parameters of an individual. It is proof of identity and intent practiced since many years. Signature verification is routine practice in forensic questioned document examination and hence, it is important to consider the real-world picture of handwritten signature verification. Manual signature verification by skilled forensic questioned document experts is the most practiced method for signature comparison and verification. The highest error rates in signature verification are found with laypeople, higher than for computers, which in turn make more errors than experts. Identification of an individual signature using behavioural biometrics is becoming prevalent and it includes both online and offline signature verification. Offline signature verification focuses to deal with static features of signature which are length, appearance or pictorial effect, height, and other measures or specific features of different strokes in signature. This paper is attempting to suggest an innovative approach for handwritten signature comparison, verification and authentication by using apex angle value calculated with simple trigonometric rule. It is observed that the value of apex angle has better outcome in comparison and verification than that of measuring lengths of signature or types of strokes. As a signature is pure outcome of neuromuscular activity, the hypothesis was suggestive of the fact that there must be a ready mechanism or learned program in individuals’ brain about the signature they have practiced for years to establish their presence or to depict their identity marker. The study suggests that value of apex angle of individual’s signature can be considered as parameter for examination of signature exhibit in handwritten signature authentication to establish common or different authorship. Considering this fact, we have innovated the approach of using the calculated value of apex angle as one of the parameters and characteristic features of signature comparison and verification. We further plan to experiment whether it can be useful with random and disguised forgeries or simulated signatures. This paper focuses on introducing more reliable techniques and supporting parameters for signature verification which can be easily introduced in current signature verification practices by questioned document examiners or subject experts.

Signature Verification, Apex Angle, Handwritten Signature, Forgery, Offline Signature Verification, Signature Analysis

"Trigonometrical Verification and Authentication of Handwritten Signatures: A new Forensic Approach", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.8, Issue 10, page no.d784-d803, October-2021, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2110388.pdf

"Trigonometrical Verification and Authentication of Handwritten Signatures: A new Forensic Approach", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.8, Issue 10, page no. ppd784-d803, October-2021, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2110388.pdf