• Sangram G. Nagargoje
• Ashok A. Muchandi

Diabetes complications include both micro vascular and macro vascular disease, both of which are affected by optimal diabetes control Novel routes of insulin administration are an area of interest in the diabetes field, given that insulin injection therapy is burdensome for many patients. This review will discuss pulmonary delivery of insulin via inhalation. Subcutaneous insulin has been used to treat diabetes since the 1920 however, despite a number of different formulations, intensive insulin therapy with multiple daily injections has not gained widespread clinical acceptance. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that inhaled insulin is an effective, well-tolerated, noninvasive alternative to subcutaneous regular insulin. Critically, inhaled insulin shows a more physiological insulin profile than that seen with conventional insulin. Further studies are needed to confirm long-term efficacy and pulmonary safety, to compare the different approaches, and to characterize better their relative places in practice. As a result of the recognition of the importance of tighter control of glycaemia and the growing number of patients with type 2 diabetes who receive insulin, inhaled insulin could become an increasingly integral part of managing diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus, drug formulations, drug administration routes, insulin, portal system, nanoparticles, biodegradable polymers

"Novel Routes of Insulin for Diabetes Treatment", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.9, Issue 1, page no.d308-d315, January-2022, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2201341.pdf

"Novel Routes of Insulin for Diabetes Treatment", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.9, Issue 1, page no. ppd308-d315, January-2022, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2201341.pdf