• Mumtaz Jahan
• Arshi Riaz
• Sheeba Nuzhat

The human body is composed of solid (body organs), liquid (humours), and gases (pneuma) matter. Akhlat is the fluid part of the body. It is placed third in the list of umoor e tabiyyah; it belongs to the Unani system of medicine concepts that are distinguishing theories of this healing art. It is an important parameter developed by ancient philosophers-physicians to explain all physiological and pathological features of the human body. Every humour serves some specific and general functions. A proper proportion in quality and quantity of Humours keeps the body healthy, and disproportion causes diseases. Hippocrates put forth the concept of akhlat and divides body fluids into four types based on Color, Dam (Red humour), Balgham (White humour), Safra (Yellow humour), and Sauda (Black humour). Safra, yellow bile with mizaj Har Yabis, shows the signs and symptoms of hararat and yubusat. This paper aims to understanding the physiological basis of Khilt-e-safra in the light of modern science to make a track that would give the new direction to understand the concept of Akhlat in Unani Tibb.

Unani medicine, Akhlat, Khilt-e-safra, Body fluids, and physiology.

"Understanding the Physiological basis of Khilt-e-Safra (Yellow bile) in Unani system of medicine; An Overview", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.9, Issue 11, page no.e561-e565, November-2022, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2211491.pdf

"Understanding the Physiological basis of Khilt-e-Safra (Yellow bile) in Unani system of medicine; An Overview", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.9, Issue 11, page no. ppe561-e565, November-2022, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2211491.pdf