• Dr. Vinay Sharma
• Dr. Pooja Sood

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the major theories of punishment: Retribution, Deterrence, Reformative, and Preventive. Each theory is critically examined for its underlying philosophical principles, objectives, methods, and societal implications. Retributive theory focuses on 'just deserts' and proportionality, aiming to balance the scales of justice by inflicting pain commensurate with the offense. Deterrence, both general and specific, seeks to prevent future crimes by instilling fear of punishment. The reformative theory, in contrast, emphasizes the rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders into society, viewing punishment as a means to effect positive change. Finally, preventive theory prioritizes incapacitation and risk management to protect society from dangerous individuals. The paper evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each theory, exploring their historical evolution, practical applications, and ongoing debates regarding their effectiveness and ethical considerations within contemporary criminal justice systems. It concludes by highlighting the complexities and challenges of adopting a singular approach to punishment and suggests that a balanced, multi-faceted approach drawing from the various theories may be most appropriate for achieving the diverse goals of justice and social order.

Punishment, Retribution, Deterrence, Reformative, Rehabilitation, Prevention, Criminal Justice, Criminology, Penology.

"Theories of Punishment: Retribution, Deterrence, Reformative and Preventive", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.10, Issue 1, page no.g700-g712, January-2023, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2301686.pdf

"Theories of Punishment: Retribution, Deterrence, Reformative and Preventive", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.10, Issue 1, page no. ppg700-g712, January-2023, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2301686.pdf