• Karamjit Singh

This study investigates blockchain-based identity management systems as a transformative approach to addressing limitations of traditional centralized identity frameworks. The research examines technical architectures, cryptographic security mechanisms, real-world implementations, and persistent challenges in scalability, regulatory compliance, and user adoption. Using a comprehensive analysis of 57 recent studies and case implementations from Estonia, Singapore, and healthcare sectors, this paper evaluates consensus mechanisms, zero-knowledge proof integration, and performance metrics. Key findings indicate that while blockchain identity solutions offer significant improvements in data protection and user sovereignty through decentralization and cryptographic security, they face substantial obstacles in scalability (achieving only 1,000-10,000 TPS), regulatory compliance (GDPR compatibility issues), and widespread adoption. The global blockchain identity management market demonstrates exceptional growth potential, projected to expand from $1.57 billion in 2025 to $118.96 billion by 2032 at 85.6% CAGR. Performance analysis reveals PBFT consensus mechanisms achieve optimal results with sub-100ms latency and 10,000+ TPS, while maintaining 90/100 security scores. The study concludes that successful implementation requires addressing technical complexity, improving scalability solutions, and developing comprehensive regulatory frameworks for cross-border interoperability.

Blockchain, Digital Identity, Self-Sovereign Identity, Zero-Knowledge Proofs, Decentralized Systems, Cryptographic Security, GDPR Compliance

"BLOCKCHAIN-BASED IDENTITY MANAGEMENT: SECURITY, PRIVACY, AND IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES IN DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.10, Issue 11, page no.f754-f764, November-2023, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2311592.pdf

"BLOCKCHAIN-BASED IDENTITY MANAGEMENT: SECURITY, PRIVACY, AND IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES IN DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.10, Issue 11, page no. ppf754-f764, November-2023, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2311592.pdf