• Rahul Kumar

India’s trade composition has changed significantly in last 32 years, as per the HS62 digit level, 3,837 commodities were exported to 173 countries, and 3,391 products were imported from 123 countries around the globe. The top 5 commodities in India’s export basket in 1991 were gems and jewellery, non-agglomerated iron ores, petroleum products and, textiles, while the import basket contained crude oil, raw diamonds, and fertilisers. During 1991, the export of petroleum and crude products increased by 562 percent, while the export of agricultural and allied products, ores, and minerals declined by 39 percent and 96 percent, respectively. India’s import basket has experienced very few variations since 1991. The main factors behind this transformation are the integration of the Indian economy with the rest of the world, EXIM and foreign trade policies, free trade agreements, and the SEZ Act of 2006. PLI schemes and make-in-India incentives. The average value of the concentration ratio is 0.073 between 1990–91 and 2021–22. after 2006-07 the value of concentration ratio has been continuously increased. Due to economic integration and openness the HII of India’s import continuously increased the increasing trends of concentration ratio of export and import shows the increasing trend of competition.

Trade, Composition, Export, Import, Economic Integration, EXIM Policy, Concentration

"CHANGE IN INDIA’S FOREIGN TRADE COMPOSITION SINCE - 1991", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.10, Issue 12, page no.h440-h447, December-2023, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2312755.pdf

"CHANGE IN INDIA’S FOREIGN TRADE COMPOSITION SINCE - 1991", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.10, Issue 12, page no. pph440-h447, December-2023, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2312755.pdf