• Yogita Sharma
• Dr. Pramod Sharma
• Dr. Shoyab Ali

The increasing demand for compact, efficient, and broadband antennas has led to the exploration of fractal geometries in antenna design. Among these, Koch fractal dipole antennas have gained significant attention due to their space-filling properties, which enhance miniaturization and multi-band performance. This study presents the design and comparative analysis of Koch fractal dipole antennas using graphene and copper as radiating materials. The primary objective is to evaluate the impact of material selection on key antenna parameters, including return loss, gain, radiation efficiency, and bandwidth. Graphene, a two-dimensional nanomaterial with exceptional electrical and mechanical properties, has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional metallic conductors like copper. Its tunable conductivity and lightweight nature make it suitable for next-generation flexible and reconfigurable antenna applications. However, its relatively lower conductivity compared to copper poses challenges in achieving high radiation efficiency. This research investigates these trade-offs by designing and simulating Koch fractal dipole antennas with graphene and copper in high-frequency electromagnetic simulation software. The antennas are designed up to the third iteration of the Koch fractal structure, ensuring an optimal balance between size reduction and performance enhancement. The simulation results indicate that while copper-based Koch fractal dipole antennas exhibit higher radiation efficiency and gain, graphene-based antennas offer superior flexibility and tunability, making them ideal for applications in flexible electronics and wearable communication systems. Additionally, the study explores the feasibility of utilizing graphene for dynamic frequency reconfiguration by leveraging its surface conductivity modulation through chemical or electrostatic doping. The comparative analysis provides valuable insights into the advantages and limitations of using graphene and copper in fractal antenna design. The findings of this study contribute to the development of next-generation antennas for advanced wireless communication systems, where compactness, efficiency, and adaptability are crucial. Future work will focus on experimental validation and the integration of graphene-based antennas with flexible substrates for real-world applications.

Koch fractal dipole antenna, graphene, copper, fractal geometry, radiation efficiency, bandwidth, gain, tunability, flexible electronics, wireless communication.

"Design and Analysis of Koch Fractal Dipole Antenna Using Graphene and Copper: A Comparative Study", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 3, page no.g624-g632, March-2025, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2503675.pdf

"Design and Analysis of Koch Fractal Dipole Antenna Using Graphene and Copper: A Comparative Study", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 3, page no. ppg624-g632, March-2025, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2503675.pdf