• I. Hareesh
• D. Mayuri
• Sk. Sufiya
• P. Keerthi
• B. Venkatesh

Wireless sensor network (WSN) applications are expanding with the Internet of Things. Research is focusing on energy-efficient coverage strategies to improve data reliability and energy use. This paper explores how to ensure all monitoring points are covered by at least one sensor node, analyzing both hierarchical and flat routing protocols. It also proposes an energy- efficient coverage technique using an enhanced gray wolf algorithm to optimize sensor node deployment. Research shows this algorithm achieves 100% coverage and outperforms others in network coverage optimization, demonstrating lower standard deviation and better average performance. With 40 nodes, it achieves 100% coverage 5.08% more energy-efficiently than other algorithms. This research aims to advance intelligent monitoring and control, improve resource efficiency, reduce maintenance costs, and support the long-term growth of WSNs.

Wireless Sensor Network, Node Coverage, Improved Grey Wolf Algorithm, ACO Routing Protocol, Monitoring Area.

"WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WSN) MODEL TARGETING ENERGY EFFICIENT WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS NODE COVERAGE AND ROUTING USING ACO TECHNIQUE", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 5, page no.b356-b365, May-2025, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2505142.pdf

"WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WSN) MODEL TARGETING ENERGY EFFICIENT WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS NODE COVERAGE AND ROUTING USING ACO TECHNIQUE", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 5, page no. ppb356-b365, May-2025, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2505142.pdf