• DHANANJAY PRASAD
• PRANKSHA SHUKLA

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) encompass a range of conditions that manifest early in a child's life, often before they begin school. These disorders affect multiple areas of functioning, including personal, social, academic, and occupational domains. NDDs comprise various disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Intellectual Disability (ID), Specific Learning Disorders, Communication Disorders, and Motor Disorders. The global prevalence of these disorders has been rising due to increased awareness, enhanced diagnostic tools, and changing diagnostic criteria. While NDDs present lifelong challenges, their impact can be mitigated with timely and appropriate intervention. This review offers an in-depth examination of neurodevelopmental disorders, concentrating on their classification according to DSM-5 standards, the multifaceted causes including genetic, environmental, and socio-cultural factors, and the clinical characteristics that differentiate each disorder. It also underscores current diagnostic techniques, evidence-based management approaches, and innovative treatments. Additionally, the paper explores recent research advancements, such as neuroimaging and genomics, while critically evaluating the socio-economic challenges to diagnosis and treatment. The importance of early detection, interdisciplinary care, and inclusive policies is emphasized to improve the quality of life for individuals with NDDs. Finally, it provides insights into future research directions and global health strategies aimed at alleviating the burden of these disorders. Keywords: Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, Cognitive Impairment, Early Intervention, Diagnosis 1. Introduction Neurodevelopmental disorders are marked by developmental deficits that lead to a wide range of impairments across various functional areas, including cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and motor skills. These impairments can greatly impact an individual's ability to function in personal, social, academic, and occupational environments. NDDs typically begin in the early stages of development, often before formal schooling, and symptoms frequently continue into adolescence and adulthood. The range of NDDs is extensive and includes conditions such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Intellectual Disability (ID), Specific Learning Disorders, Communication Disorders, and Motor Disorders. Each disorder has a unique set of features, though there may be significant overlap in symptoms, making differential diagnosis both crucial and challenging. In recent years, the global prevalence of these disorders has been increasing, not only due to an actual rise in incidence but also as a result of increased awareness, improved diagnostic tools, and broader diagnostic criteria. These developments have underscored the urgent need for a multidisciplinary approach to understanding, diagnosing, and managing NDDs. The study of neurodevelopmental disorders is vital for various stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, educators, policymakers, and caregivers. A thorough understanding of these disorders can lead to earlier diagnosis, more effective interventions, and ultimately, better long-term outcomes for affected individuals. Moreover, addressing social stigma and enhancing support systems are crucial components in ensuring comprehensive care and integration of individuals with NDDs into society.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, Cognitive Impairment, Early Intervention, Diagnosis

"Neurodevelopmental Disorders – An Integrative Neurobiological and Psychosocial Perspective", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 5, page no.k470-k483, May-2025, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2505B37.pdf

"Neurodevelopmental Disorders – An Integrative Neurobiological and Psychosocial Perspective", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 5, page no. ppk470-k483, May-2025, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2505B37.pdf