• Roshni Ahirwar
• Dr. Navdeep Kaur Saluja

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks that do not have any self-configuring infrastructure. Routing in MANETs is a challenging task because of frequent topology changes, limited bandwidth, and power-limited mobile nodes. Geographic routing protocols offer a promising path towards scalability and location-based communication. Nevertheless, the performance of the protocols often degrades under high mobility and power constraints. This review paper presents a comprehensive overview of energy-efficient and load-balanced geographic routing protocols for MANETs, such as AODV, EAODV, ELGR, LAR, DREAM, and ZRP. We classify the protocols according to their routing strategy and test their ability to ensure balanced energy consumption and load distribution. Additionally, we outline the limitations of previous protocols and introduce the motivation behind developing the load and energy-aware geographic routing (LEGR) protocol. Finally, directions for future work to optimize routing performance in dynamic and energy-constrained networks are presented.

MANETs, Geographic Routing, Energy Efficiency, Load Balancing, AODV, EAODV, ELGR, Routing Protocols, LEGR

"A Comprehensive Review of Load and Energy-Efficient Geographic Routing Protocols in MANETs", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 7, page no.h329-h336, July-2025, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2507743.pdf

"A Comprehensive Review of Load and Energy-Efficient Geographic Routing Protocols in MANETs", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 7, page no. pph329-h336, July-2025, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2507743.pdf