• Geetaanjali
• Dr. Naveen Kumar Pandey

The integrity of pharmaceutical supply chains represents a significant global issue, with challenges such as counterfeiting and insufficient transparency posing considerable threats to public health. Although extensive scholarly inquiry has concentrated on large-scale, multi-stakeholder supply networks, the distinctive difficulties inherent to small-scale, closed-loop Business-to-Consumer (B2C) drug supply chains remain predominantly overlooked. These networks, frequently associated with specialized commodities such as Ayurvedic medicines, typically depend on established trust yet lack contemporary, verifiable traceability systems. This manuscript proposes a permissioned blockchain architecture utilizing Hyperledger Fabric to augment transparency and ascertain product provenance in these contexts. The proposed architecture delineates essential participants—including manufacturer, warehouse, retail center, and consumer—and employs smart contracts (chaincode) to regulate transactions from production through to the point of sale. The feasibility and efficacy of the framework are substantiated through a prototype simulation, which is constructed based on the operational model of an actual Ayurvedic pharmacy. This proof-of-concept effectively establishes a comprehensive, auditable trail for simulated product batches, illustrating how consumers could authenticate product legitimacy and origin through a straightforward QR code scan. The research concludes that the permissioned framework of Hyperledger Fabric provides a robust, secure, and scalable paradigm for enhancing accountability in small-scale B2C drug supply chains, with the proposed architecture being adaptable across analogous niche markets.

Blockchain, Hyperledger Fabric, Supply Chain Management, Traceability, Provenance, B2C Supply Chain, Drug Safety, Ayurvedic Medicine.

"A Hyperledger Fabric-based Framework for Traceability in Small-Scale, B2C Drug Supply Chains", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 8, page no.d287-d294, August-2025, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2508333.pdf

"A Hyperledger Fabric-based Framework for Traceability in Small-Scale, B2C Drug Supply Chains", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 8, page no. ppd287-d294, August-2025, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2508333.pdf