• P.Senthil Pandian
• R.Kubendran
• J.Raguraman
• M.Karthikeyan
• R.Nithya

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies into modern urban infrastructures is a key enabler for sustainable and intelligent cities. In large-scale IoT deployments, one of the primary engineering challenges lies in achieving energy-efficient data communication within constrained hardware platforms characterized by limited battery capacity, low-power electronics, and restricted processing capabilities. This research presents the design and optimization of an energy-efficient routing protocol for scalable IoT networks, emphasizing electronic system constraints and communication hardware efficiency. A hybrid routing methodology is proposed, combining cluster-based and opportunistic routing mechanisms, with adaptive control logic implemented to respond dynamically to varying network and power conditions. Hardware-in-the-loop simulations and experimental validations demonstrate that the proposed protocol reduces energy consumption, prolongs operational lifetime of IoT nodes, and maintains high data reliability across diverse smart city scenarios. The outcomes of this work provide a scalable, hardware-conscious communication framework suitable for future ECE-driven IoT system designs in smart urban environments.

Energy-efficient routing, Internet of Things, Smart cities, Low-power electronics, Hybrid communication protocols, Wireless sensor networks

"Design and Performance Evaluation of Energy-Aware Networking Protocols for IoT-Based Smart Cities", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 8, page no.f314-f320, August-2025, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2508544.pdf

"Design and Performance Evaluation of Energy-Aware Networking Protocols for IoT-Based Smart Cities", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 8, page no. ppf314-f320, August-2025, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2508544.pdf