• PAROOL KUMARI

India has witnessed a remarkable socio-demographic transition in recent decades, particularly in women’s marriage and fertility patterns. The interplay of declining fertility rates, rising age at marriage, and shifting reproductive behavior highlights the changing socio-economic status of women. According to MoSPI and NFHS data, the median age of first marriage for women increased from 17.4 years in 2005–06 to 19.7 years in 2019–21, accompanied by a significant decline in early marriages (47% in 2005–06 to 23% in 2019–21). Fertility levels have also undergone sharp decline, with the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) falling from 5.2 in 1971 to 2.1 in 2019, achieving the replacement level. This transition is linked to greater educational attainment, women’s participation in the labour force, and wider adoption of family planning. Despite this progress, disparities persist across states, rural–urban areas, and educational levels, where early marriage, adolescent fertility, and unmet need for contraception remain significant concerns. This paper analyses trends in marriage and fertility among Indian women, drawing upon official statistics and national surveys. It examines how socio-cultural practices, health indicators, and educational opportunities influence marriage patterns and reproductive behavior. Furthermore, it highlights the policy interventions such as Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and Sukanya Samridhi Yojana that have contributed to delaying marriage and empowering young women. The study concludes that while India is moving towards population stabilization, sustained efforts are required to address regional inequalities, ensure gender equity, and promote reproductive rights. Understanding these transitions is essential for designing effective public policies in health, education, and gender empowerment to achieve sustainable development.

Women, Marriage, Fertility, Socio-Demographic Transition, India

"Women, Marriage, and Fertility Trends in India: A Socio-Demographic Study", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 9, page no.e87-e96, September-2025, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2509411.pdf

"Women, Marriage, and Fertility Trends in India: A Socio-Demographic Study", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 9, page no. ppe87-e96, September-2025, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2509411.pdf