• Mr. Salapu Upendra
• Alamanda Swapna

The rapid evolution of system-on-chip (SoC) technology has driven unprecedented levels of integration, combining heterogeneous processing cores, memory subsystems, accelerators, and peripherals on a single silicon platform. Central to this integration is the interconnect architecture, where the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) family—particularly the Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI) and Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB)—has become a dominant standard. While AXI offers high-performance, pipelined communication for core and memory subsystems, APB prioritizes simplicity and low power for peripheral control. Their coexistence necessitates an AXI–APB bridge to ensure seamless communication. However, existing bridges, though functionally correct, often fail to meet the demands of modern SoCs, exhibiting limitations in clock domain crossing (CDC) support, error reporting granularity, scalability, and power efficiency. This research addresses these critical shortcomings by proposing a novel AXI–APB bridge design methodology that transforms the bridge from a basic protocol adapter into a high-performance, energy-efficient, and scalable subsystem. The proposed bridge incorporates robust CDC mechanisms to enable safe communication across asynchronous domains, preserving data integrity and system reliability. Enhanced error handling retains the full richness of AXI’s response model, improving fault diagnosis and recovery. A scalable hierarchical address decoding scheme is introduced to mitigate area and delay penalties as peripheral counts grow. Furthermore, advanced power optimization strategies, including fine-grained clock gating, are implemented to significantly reduce dynamic power consumption. The methodology is validated through register-transfer level (RTL) design, synthesis, timing, and power analysis, demonstrating substantial improvements in latency, throughput, energy efficiency, and scalability over conventional designs. Beyond solving immediate integration challenges, this research reframes AXI–APB bridging as a critical locus of innovation in SoC architecture. The principles developed here—robust CDC, rich error signaling, scalable decoding, and power-aware design—offer a generalized framework applicable to a broad range of protocol bridging scenarios. This work contributes both a practical engineering solution and a methodological foundation for advancing low-power, high-reliability interconnect design in next-generation SoCs.

AMBA 4.0, AXI4.0-lite, APB 4.0, Protocol Translation, Performance Optimization, Latency Reduction, Throughput Improvement, Power Efficiency, Clock Gating, Pipelining, Burst Transfers, Dynamic Voltage Scaling, IoT, Automotive Systems, Embedded Systems.

"DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF AN AMBA 4.0-COMPLIANT APB BRIDGE FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE AND LOW-POWER APPLICATIONS", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 9, page no.f316-f324, September-2025, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2509541.pdf

"DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF AN AMBA 4.0-COMPLIANT APB BRIDGE FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE AND LOW-POWER APPLICATIONS", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 9, page no. ppf316-f324, September-2025, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2509541.pdf