• Dr.C.S.Parameswari
• D.maneesha

Oral Insulin: Oral insulin delivery offers a non-invasive alternative to injections for insulin-dependent diabetes management. Despite challenges such as enzymatic degradation and poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, advances in formulation and delivery strategies—including nanoparticle carriers and absorption enhancers—show promise in improving bioavailability and glycemic control. Oral insulin could enhance patient compliance and quality of life by simplifying insulin administration, but remains an area of active research. Subcutaneous Insulin: Subcutaneous insulin injection remains the mainstay treatment for diabetes, particularly gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) when lifestyle and oral agents fail. Various insulin types are used, including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting (neutral protamine Hagedorn), and long-acting analogues, each with distinct onset, peak, and duration profiles to mimic physiological insulin needs. In GDM, insulin effectively controls blood glucose with proven safety, reducing risks of macrosomia and neonatal hypoglycemia. Insulin regimens are tailored based on glucose patterns, balancing efficacy and patient convenience. Gestational Patches (Transdermal Delivery):Gestational patches, including insulin or glucose-monitoring transdermal systems, represent emerging approaches to diabetes management during pregnancy. Transdermal drug delivery can potentially offer continuous, controlled release of insulin or medications with improved patient adherence and reduced injection-related discomfort. While more common in general diabetes care, their application in gestational diabetes is under investigation, focusing on efficacy, safety, and perinatal outcomes. Such patches might complement lifestyle interventions and oral therapies to optimize glycemic control in pregnancy.

Oral insulin: Oral administration:Insulin absorption,Non-invasive,Blood glucose control,Diabetes management,Drug deliver,sysyem,Bioavailability Subcutaneous insulin:Injection,Subcutaneous tissue,Insulin pump,Blood sugar control,Diabetes treatment,Insulin analogue,Hypoglycemia risk Gestational patches:Gestational diabetes,Transdermal delivery Pregnancy,Blood glucose monitoring,Insulin alternative,Skin patch

"Insulin delivery methods and Gestational diabetes management ", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 9, page no.f395-f398, September-2025, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2509550.pdf

"Insulin delivery methods and Gestational diabetes management ", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 9, page no. ppf395-f398, September-2025, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2509550.pdf