• Manjunath G
• Kishore Kumar
• Jai Balaji

In 2025 the United States implemented a suite of country-differentiated “reciprocal” tariffs and sectoral duties that sharply raised effective U.S. tariff rates and disrupted established global value chains. This paper documents the policy shock, measures early macro and sectoral impacts, and examines firm-level strategic responses. Drawing on contemporary reports and preliminary empirical patterns, we find that multinationals use a portfolio of adaptations — supplier diversification, nearshoring, tariff engineering, legal remedy-seeking, and contractual redesign — with heterogeneous costs and outcomes. We outline an empirical strategy to measure these adjustments and offer managerial and policy recommendations.

Reciprocal Tariffs U.S. Trade Policy (2025) Protectionism Multinational Corporations (MNCs) Global Value Chains Trade Diversion Supply Chain Resilience International Business Strategy U.S.–India Trade Relations Solar Energy Industry

"Adapting to Protectionism: Strategic Responses of Multinational Firms after the 2025 U.S. Reciprocal Tariff Measures", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 10, page no.a744-a748, October-2025, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2510093.pdf

"Adapting to Protectionism: Strategic Responses of Multinational Firms after the 2025 U.S. Reciprocal Tariff Measures", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 10, page no. ppa744-a748, October-2025, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2510093.pdf