• Rahul Khatik
• Dr. Piyush Kumar Jain

Global supply chains are increasingly complex, involving multiple stakeholders, cross-border logistics, and high risks of unethical practices, counterfeit products, and lack of visibility. Existing centralized traceability systems are often fragmented and prone to data manipulation, limiting their effectiveness in ensuring transparency and trust. Blockchain technology, with its decentralized, immutable, and tamper-resistant architecture, offers new opportunities for enabling end-to-end traceability across multi-tier supply chains. This paper proposes the design, implementation, and performance evaluation of a blockchain-enabled traceability framework tailored for multi-tier global supply chains. Through a systematic approach, the study demonstrates how distributed ledger technology, coupled with smart contracts, can enhance trust, improve data integrity, and ensure compliance with sustainability and ethical sourcing requirements. The framework is tested using a prototype implementation that integrates blockchain with supply chain data flows, capturing metrics such as transaction throughput, latency, scalability, and energy consumption. The findings highlight both the opportunities and limitations of blockchain in multi-tier supply chains, emphasizing its role in reducing opacity, minimizing fraud, and fostering sustainable practices.

Keywords: Blockchain, traceability, supply chains, multi-tier networks, sustainability, smart contracts, performance evaluation, ethical sourcing.

"Blockchain-Enabled Traceability Framework for Multi-Tier Supply Chains: Design, Implementation, and Performance Evaluation", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 10, page no.f265-f283, October-2025, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2510535.pdf

"Blockchain-Enabled Traceability Framework for Multi-Tier Supply Chains: Design, Implementation, and Performance Evaluation", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 10, page no. ppf265-f283, October-2025, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2510535.pdf