• Dr. Govindaraj C V

India’s social structure is deeply rooted in its historical traditions and remains one of the most complex in the world, shaped by caste, class, gender, religion, and region. The caste system, which has its origins in the ancient Varna model, remains a dominant force in social organization, despite legal efforts to abolish it. While colonialism reinforced caste divisions, post-independence policies aimed at promoting equality, including affirmative action for marginalized groups, have attempted to reduce these inequalities. However, caste-based discrimination persists, particularly in rural areas, affecting access to education, employment, and social mobility. Class divisions have become more pronounced in the modern era, exacerbated by economic reforms and globalization. While urbanization has created opportunities for social mobility, deep-seated inequalities continue to limit the ability of marginalized communities, especially Dalits, Adivasis, and OBCs, to access these opportunities. The intersection of gender, religion, and social class further compounds these inequalities, with women from marginalized groups facing compounded disadvantages. This paper explores the historical evolution of India’s social structure, its contemporary challenges, and the persistent inequalities that shape the lives of its people, offering insights into the ongoing struggles for social justice and equality.

Cate System, Dalits, Social Stratification, Political Representation

"SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN INDIA: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.13, Issue 1, page no.c53-c61, January-2026, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2601204.pdf

"SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN INDIA: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.13, Issue 1, page no. ppc53-c61, January-2026, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2601204.pdf