• Adarsh Gowda KH
• Israel Babu B J

Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus continues to pose a significant global health burden, necessitating innovative drug delivery approaches to overcome the limitations of conventional therapies. Traditional oral and injectable routes often suffer from poor patient compliance, first-pass metabolism, and suboptimal delivery of macromolecules. Objective: This review explores the advancements in buccal drug delivery systems specifically tailored for diabetes management, focusing on formulation strategies, evaluation methods, and the integration of artificial intelligence for enhancing drug design and personalization. Significance: Buccal films present a non-invasive, patient-friendly platform capable of bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism and enabling rapid systemic absorption. The integration of artificial intelligence offers predictive modeling and personalized dose design, heralding a new era in precision medicine for diabetic patients. Key Findings: Buccal films enhance bioavailability and patient adherence for both small molecules and peptides like insulin and GLP-1 analogs. Various antidiabetic agents have been effectively formulated into these systems. AI tools such as ML, QSPR, and PBPK modeling streamline formulation, excipient selection, and personalized therapy. Challenges: Despite promising results, limitations persist, including enzymatic degradation in the oral cavity, short mucosal residence time, and lack of robust clinical data. Regulatory ambiguities and the emerging stage of AI integration also present translational hurdles. Conclusion: Converging buccal drug delivery technologies with AI-driven formulation and personalization frameworks offers a transformative pathway in diabetes therapeutics. Future research must focus on clinical validation, smart biosensor integration, and regulatory alignment to fully realize this potential.

Keywords: Buccal drug delivery, Diabetes, Artificial Intelligence, Buccal films, Personalized therapy, Formulation optimization.

"INNOVATIONS IN BUCCAL DRUG DELIVERY FOR DIABETES: FORMULATION STRATEGIES, EVALUATION TECHNIQUES, AND THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.13, Issue 1, page no.d238-d258, January-2026, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2601328.pdf

"INNOVATIONS IN BUCCAL DRUG DELIVERY FOR DIABETES: FORMULATION STRATEGIES, EVALUATION TECHNIQUES, AND THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.13, Issue 1, page no. ppd238-d258, January-2026, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2601328.pdf