• piyush tripathi
• atul kumar tiwari

Abstract Diabetes mellitus represents one of the most significant non-communicable diseases of the twenty-first century, contributing substantially to global morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. The rising prevalence of diabetes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, reflects complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, lifestyle transitions, and immune-mediated mechanisms. While hyperglycemia remains the defining biochemical feature of the disease, emerging evidence highlights the importance of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and immune dysregulation in disease initiation and progression. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus, with special emphasis on developing countries such as India. It further examines environmental and lifestyle determinants, genetic architecture, and key immunological pathways involved in disease pathogenesis. The roles of oxidative stress–related genes, immune regulatory signaling cascades, and inflammatory mediators are discussed in the context of disease heterogeneity. Finally, the review outlines public health implications and future research directions aimed at prevention, early detection, and personalized management of diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus; epidemiology; genetics; immune regulation; oxidative stress; public health

"Genetic, Environmental, and Immunological Determinants of Diabetes Mellitus: Epidemiology, Molecular Pathways, and Public Health Implications", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.13, Issue 2, page no.b275-b286, February-2026, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2602138.pdf

"Genetic, Environmental, and Immunological Determinants of Diabetes Mellitus: Epidemiology, Molecular Pathways, and Public Health Implications", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.13, Issue 2, page no. ppb275-b286, February-2026, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2602138.pdf