• Aparna Sontakke
• Omkar Shivtare
• Arati Patil
• Sakshi Karvande
• S. M. Joshi

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is one of the most widely used wireless technologies in Internet of Things (IoT) applications, owing to its low power consumption, low implementation cost, and short-range communication capability. Yet most conventional BLE deployments rely on fixed communication parameters, wasting energy when operating conditions change. This paper reviews adaptive, machine-learning- assisted, and hardware-level approaches to energy-efficient BLE communi-cation, and proposes a Smart Adaptive BLE Module for IoT Applications that tunes transmission power, advertising interval, connection interval, and PHY mode dynamically in response to link quality, battery state, and application requirements. A mathematical energy and link-budget model is developed to relate transmission time, supply voltage, current consumption, packet-delivery ratio, and retransmission behavior to overall energy efficiency. Numerical examples show that reducing transmit power below the point needed for reliable delivery can increase, rather than decrease, energy per successfully delivered byte due to retransmissions. The reviewed literature is compared across communication method, key control variables, validation approach, and remaining limitations. Based on this review, an EFR32BG22-based hardware implementation is proposed as a suitable platform for a compact, energy-efficient adaptive BLE module, with a defined measurement plan for future experimental validation

Bluetooth Low Energy, Internet of Things, En-ergy Efficiency, ESP32, EFR32BG22, Adaptive Communication, Low-Power Wireless Communication, Battery Life

"Energy Efficient BLE Module for Smart Systems", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.13, Issue 10, page no.c222-c226, October-2026, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2610227.pdf

"Energy Efficient BLE Module for Smart Systems", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.13, Issue 10, page no. ppc222-c226, October-2026, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2610227.pdf