• Namrata Arya
• Krishan Raj Singh

Pharmacogenomics is a rapidly developing discipline that has important therapeutic implications for customizing medications to enhance effectiveness and/or decrease toxicity. Several definitions of provision is made have already been proposed by professional organizations, regulatory agencies, or researchers. The goal of this review is to examine the practical use of pharmacogenomics for certain pharmacological treatments (e.g., protons pump inhibitors, codeine, or carbamazepine), as well as the limits and obstacles that prevent pharmacogenomics from being implemented in clinical practice. Drug disposition and/or reaction are influenced by genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes as well as the existence of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*1502 allele. The CYP2C19 genotype can explain a fraction of PPI pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic variability. However, research on Helicobacter pylori cure rates depending on the CYP2C19 genotype is mixed. Adverse drug responses in neonates from CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizers have been observed in codeine through breast-feeding. However, there isn't enough information to say if CYP2D6 polymorphisms affect codeine effectiveness and toxicity in general. Despite the availability of CYP2C19 or even CYP2D6 genotyping assays, their clinical usefulness is limited. Carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic epidermal necrolysis are linked to the HLA-B*1502 allele (TEN). Prior to starting carbamazepine in high-risk individuals, pharmacogenomic testing is necessary. Several constraints and obstacles to adopting pharmacogenomic testing in clinical practice include a lack of resources, provider competence, and ethical, legal, as well as societal concerns.

Codeine, Clinical, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics, Carbamazepine.

"A Study on Pharmacogenomics in Clinical Practice", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.5, Issue 9, page no.114-119, September 2018, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIRFH06020.pdf

"A Study on Pharmacogenomics in Clinical Practice", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.5, Issue 9, page no. pp114-119, September 2018, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIRFH06020.pdf