• Jayashree S
• Mrs.Thanmayee susheel

Speech-to-Text (STT) technology has become a pivotal tool in human-computer interaction, enabling seamless conversion of spoken language into written text. This paper presents a comprehensive literature survey on STT, exploring its methodologies, applications, and advancements. Traditional STT systems relied on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs), whereas modern approaches incorporate deep learning models such as Long Short- Term Memory (LSTM) and Transformer-based architectures to enhance accuracy and adaptability. The integration of STT with Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, including Named Entity Recognition (NER), sentiment analysis, and summarization, has further refined transcription quality. Applications of STT span across various domains, including accessibility for the visually and hearing impaired, language learning, smart home automation, human-robot interactions, and automated note-taking. Challenges such as handling diverse accents, background noise, and low-resource languages remain key areas for improvement. This survey highlights recent advancements in STT, its integration with IoT, and future research directions to improve efficiency, accuracy, and usability. The findings emphasize the transformative impact of STT technology in enhancing communication, accessibility, and automation across multiple sectors.

Speech-to-Text (STT), Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Hidden Markov Models (HMM), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Transformer Models, Smart Home Automation, Human-Robot Interaction, Accessibility, Language Learning, Deep Learning, IoT Integration, Sentiment Analysis, Named Entity Recognition (NER).

"SPEECH-TO-TEXT SYSTEMS: A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGIES, APPLICATIONS, AND INNOVATIONS", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 7, page no.91-99, July-2025, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIRGX06017.pdf

"SPEECH-TO-TEXT SYSTEMS: A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGIES, APPLICATIONS, AND INNOVATIONS", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 7, page no. pp91-99, July-2025, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIRGX06017.pdf