• Spoorthi
• Sudarshan K
• Rashmi K P
• Greeshma K
• Rutika P Gowda

In recent years, the neural machine translation (NMT) has made considerable progress, yet due to lack of parallel corpora and linguistic equipment, has been challenged by a low-resources language pairs such as Kannada-Tulu and English-Tulu. To address this, various strategies -including manual translations, automated text generations, and hybrid approaches -have been employed to create a Kannada -Tulu dataset. Encoder-Decoder architecture such as RNNs, BiRNNs, LSTMs, and transformers is detected, with transformer-based models show promising Bleu and CHRF scores. Linguistic feature-embedded NMT models further improve the quality of translation to the agglutinative Dravidian languages. Additionally, the hybrid system exhibited high accuracy for English-Tulu translation by combining rules-based and nervous approaches. Beyond the textual translation, CNN-based models such as BARAVU-Tulu, effectively identify functional and handwritten Tulu scripts of communication in multilingual areas. Studies also highlight evaluation challenges in morphological -rich languages like Malayalam, indicating the requirement of refined evaluation methods. Collectively, these progresses contribute to bridging digital division for lower-practiced languages.

Neural Machine Translation, low-resource languages, Kannada–Tulu translation, transformer models, parallel corpus, linguistic features, hybrid translation approach, Tulu script recognition..

"A REVIEW ON TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND MULTILINGUAL BRIDGING WITH ENGLISH AND KANNADA", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 7, page no.181-185, July-2025, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIRGX06033.pdf

"A REVIEW ON TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND MULTILINGUAL BRIDGING WITH ENGLISH AND KANNADA", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 7, page no. pp181-185, July-2025, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIRGX06033.pdf