• Prachi Sodegaonkar
• Dr.R.A.Khan

The increasing prevalence of illegal parking in urban areas leads to significant traffic congestion, safety hazards, and inefficient utilization of public spaces. Conventional methods for detecting illegally parked vehicles, such as manual surveillance and rule-based computer vision approaches, often suffer from inefficiency, scalability issues, and high operational costs. In recent years, deep learning has emerged as a powerful solution for automating illegally parked vehicle detection with high accuracy and adaptability to complex environments. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of deep learning models employed for illegally parked vehicle detection, focusing on object detection frameworks such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Region-based CNNs, Faster R-CNN, Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD), and You Only Look Once (YOLO). The study also reviews key aspects such as dataset selection, image preprocessing techniques, data augmentation strategies, and transfer learning methods to improve model generalization. Furthermore, we examine the challenges associated with deep learning-based illegally parked vehicle detection, including occlusion, variable illumination conditions, real-time processing constraints, and deployment feasibility in smart city environments. This research provides substantive insights into the evolving landscape of deep learning applications in traffic surveillance and law enforcement, thereby facilitating further advancements in intelligent transportation systems.

YOLOv5, CNN, R-CNN, Faster R-CNN, Illegal Parking Detection, Vehicle Detection, Object Detection, Deep Learning, Computer Vision

"A Comprehensive Review on Deep Learning Models for Illegally Parked Vehicle Detection in Smart Cities", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 8, page no.15-23, August-2025, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIRHA06004.pdf

"A Comprehensive Review on Deep Learning Models for Illegally Parked Vehicle Detection in Smart Cities", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 8, page no. pp15-23, August-2025, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIRHA06004.pdf