• Manoj D. Khediya
• Nitinkumar R. Prajapati
• Sunil Nayak

The accelerating pace of global urbanization, projected to encompass two-thirds of the world’s population by 2050, places immense strain on infrastructure, natural resources, and public health. Green Infrastructure (GI) has emerged as a vital strategy to mitigate urban environmental pressures, improve resilience, and enhance social well-being. The optimization and scalability of GI depend heavily on instrumentation technologies that transform passive green assets into adaptive, data-driven ecosystems. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of instrumentation technologies, analysing Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), remote sensing, and automation systems applied in urban contexts. The manuscript presents a comparative evaluation of sensor trade-offs, monitoring parameters, and case evidence from diverse cities. We synthesize how instrumented GI contributes to resource efficiency (e.g., 20–25% water savings), high-resolution environmental monitoring (air quality detection improvements), climate resilience (local temperature mitigation and runoff reduction), economic co-benefits, and enhanced human well-being. The paper concludes with practical recommendations and a roadmap for embedding instrumentation as a foundational layer of sustainable, livable cities.

Instrumentation, Green Infrastructure, Smart Cities, IoT, Wireless Sensor Networks, Sustainability, Happiness, Climate Resilience, Urban Monitoring

"The Role of Instrumentation in Urbanization: An Expanded Comprehensive Survey on Green Infrastructure, Sustainability, and Human Well-being ", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.9, Issue 6, page no.k627-k632, June 2022, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2206A87.pdf

"The Role of Instrumentation in Urbanization: An Expanded Comprehensive Survey on Green Infrastructure, Sustainability, and Human Well-being ", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.9, Issue 6, page no. ppk627-k632, June 2022, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2206A87.pdf