• Jyoti Singh

The Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is an essential mathematical tool in image compression, particularly in standards such as JPEG and MPEG. However, its implementation on hardware platforms like Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) presents challenges related to computational complexity, power consumption, and real-time processing capabilities. This study presents a comprehensive review and doctrinal analysis of recent advances in DCT hardware architectures, with a particular focus on the CORDIC (Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer) algorithm for optimizing cosine computations. The literature highlights that CORDIC-based DCT implementations effectively reduce the use of multipliers and complex arithmetic units, thus improving energy efficiency and reducing resource utilization on FPGA platforms. The reviewed architectures demonstrate significant improvements in terms of speed, area, and image reconstruction quality while preserving sufficient compression ratios. Several comparative metrics such as PSNR, MSE, hardware utilization, and operational frequency were examined across 18 selected works. The study concludes that low-complexity, multiplierless DCT designs are highly suitable for real-time image processing in embedded systems, IoT devices, and mobile applications. Future work may focus on integrating these architectures into complete compression pipelines with entropy coding modules to enable end-to-end hardware-based solutions.

"A Review Study on FPGA-Based Discrete Cosine Transform Architectures: Advancements in CORDIC-Optimized Image Compression Techniques", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 6, page no.d225-d233, June-2025, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2506329.pdf

"A Review Study on FPGA-Based Discrete Cosine Transform Architectures: Advancements in CORDIC-Optimized Image Compression Techniques", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 6, page no. ppd225-d233, June-2025, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2506329.pdf