• Madhumitha U R
• Riya Tirumala
• Sree Vishnu A
• Aryan R
• Sharath P C

Traditional electronics, mechanical rigidity and power limitations pose serious challenges for wearable and implantable devices (WIDs). This work introduces a heterogeneous flexible VLSI integration strategy that uses Near-Threshold Computing (NTC) in conjunction with mechanically compliant materials to achieve ultra-low-power operation. Battery-less WIDs powered by harvested energy are made possible by our demonstration that NTC architectures operating at VDD ≈ VT provide orders of magnitude energy reduction when compared to super-threshold operation. For high-density digital processing (>1000 cm²/Vs mobility), the integration uses thinned silicon CMOS dies (15μm thickness, bendable radius R ≥ 9mm) on flexible substrates (50μm polyimide/LCP). Meanwhile, hybrid organic-inorganic semiconductors (ZnO nanosheets: 200 cm²/Vs mobility, Ion/Ioff ~10⁹) and carbon nanotubes (100-1000s cm²/Vs) offer superior mechanical compliance for analog front-ends and stretchable interconnects. Al buffer layers used in structural engineering allow for 6000 bending cycles at a radius of 12 mm while maintaining ferroelectric performance (2Pr = 29.5μC/cm²). In 2mm × 1.7mm packages, commercial biomedical front-end integrated circuits have an active power consumption of 50μA. The main obstacles are long-term biocompatibility, NTC variability mitigation, and manufacturing yield (75% for printed devices, 60% failures from interface defects). The basis for intricate, flexible bioelectronic systems that enable individualized health monitoring is provided by this diverse approach.

Flexible VLSI, Near-Threshold Computing (NTC), Wearable Electronics, Bioelectronics, Heterogeneous Integration, Organic Semiconductors, Low-Power CMOS.

"Heterogeneous Integration of Flexible VLSI: Combining Near-Threshold Computing with Advanced Materials for Ultra-Low-Power Bioelectronic Systems", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 11, page no.b665-b674, November-2025, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2511183.pdf

"Heterogeneous Integration of Flexible VLSI: Combining Near-Threshold Computing with Advanced Materials for Ultra-Low-Power Bioelectronic Systems", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.12, Issue 11, page no. ppb665-b674, November-2025, Available at : http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2511183.pdf